Animated Globe Showing Real-Time Web User Performance Measurements

ABSTRACT

A method includes providing a graphical user interface (GUI) that displays a view of the globe as from outer space. The view including a geographic distribution of beacons having one or more visual attributes. Each beacon corresponds to one or more real users who are accessing a website, web application or mobile app from a geographic location. The visual attributes include an indicator of a performance metric representative of an experience of the one or more real users of the website, web application, or mobile app. Each beacon is generated in real-time from aggregated data obtained in real-time from one or more corresponding real user sessions on the website, web application or mobile app. The beacons are periodically refreshed with the visual attributes changing in response to measured changes in the geographic distribution, a total number of real users at the location, or the performance indicator at the location.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation-in-part (CIP) application of application Ser. No.13/830,850 filed Mar. 15, 2013, entitled, “REAL-TIME ANALYTICS OF WEBPERFORMANCE USING ACTUAL USER MEASUREMENTS”, which is a CIP ofapplication of Ser. No. 12/804,338 filed Jul. 19, 2010, entitled.“REAL-TIME. MULTI-TIER, LOAD TEST RESULTS AGGREGATION”, both of whichare assigned to the assignee of the present application.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to cloud computing; moreparticularly, to automated systems and methods for functional and/orload testing of websites, as well as to capturing and analyzingreal-time information of actual user experience on websites and usingweb-based applications.

BACKGROUND

Information technology is now routinely used by many enterprises toreceive, process, and provide information via widely accessibleelectronic communications networks, such as the Internet. Yet mostinformation technology systems will begin to deny service, or fail toprocess message traffic efficiently, when communications traffic exceedsa processing capacity of the system. Such failures in communication cansignificantly impair the operations of an enterprise in many ways.Slower website performance is also known to cause users/visitors toleave the website sooner. Another consequence of poor performance isthat the website may be downgraded in search engine results rankings.

In recent years, enterprises and developers have sought an easy andaffordable way to use cloud computing as a way to load and performancetest their web-based applications, Cloud computing gets its name fromthe fact that the machine, storage, and application resources exist on a“cloud” of servers. In cloud computing shared resources, software andinformation are provided on-demand, like a public utility, via theInternet. Cloud computing is closely related to grid computing, whichrefers to the concept of interconnecting networked computers such thatprocessing power, memory and data storage are all community resourcesthat authorized users can utilize for specific tasks.

Load testing a web-based application or website can involve simulating avery large number (e.g., up to or beyond 1,000,000) of virtual websiteusers via Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) or HTTP Secure (HTTPS)message intercommunications with the target website. For very largetests, sending and aggregating the test results data generated from allof the load servers to a database available to a dashboard in real-timehas been problematic. The huge overhead of receiving and processing avery large number of HTTP messages containing all of the requests andresponses sent from each of the many load servers to the analyticservers responsible for analyzing the test results data can easilyoverwhelm the resources of the server.

Enterprises are also interested in real user measurement (RUM) dataanalysis that captures and collects data about present, real userexperiences when actual users visit and use a website or webapplication. Traditional analytical tools have been able to provide dataanalysis solutions that collect data about past events, it has beenproblematic to deliver real-time business intelligence information basedon actual mobile and desktop user experience as it occurs in thepresent. That is, traditional solutions have not been able to test,monitor, and measure real user behavior to gain the analytics andintelligence needed to capture performance metrics such as bandwidth andweb page load time, as well as correlate the impact of such metrics onthe behavior of users as it relates to the business' bottom line.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure will be understood more fully from the detaileddescription that follows and from the accompanying drawings, whichhowever, should not be taken to limit the invention to the specificembodiments shown, but are for explanation and understanding only.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example high level architectural diagram of onestage of a provisioning process.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example high level architectural diagram ofanother stage of a provisioning process after the cross-cloud grid hasbeen fully allocated and checked.

FIG. 3 is an example block high level architectural diagram thatillustrates how, in real-time, load test results are aggregated atmultiple different tiers or levels.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example graphical user interface window that showsreal-time results of a test composition running on an example grid.

FIG. 5 is an example flow diagram of an automated sequence of steps foraggregating load test results at multiple different tiers or levels.

FIG. 6 is an example high level architectural diagram of one stage of aprovisioning process for performing real-user measurements on a websiteor web application.

FIG. 7 is an example architectural diagram illustrating a computingplatform that captures performance metrics from real user measurementsin accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 8 is an architectural diagram illustrating an example multi-tieredgrid for collecting and consolidating RUMs across the globe inreal-time.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram showing an example method for handling usersessions on a given website or web application.

FIG. 10 is a table showing various data and performance metricscollected from an example user session,

FIG. 11 is an example user session illustrating a data bucketingtechnique where the session object of interest is average page loadtime.

FIG. 12 is an example list of selected metrics, and combinations ofmetrics, that may be of interest for template expansion.

FIG. 13 illustrates a user session with an example template expansionbased on a limited set of different combinations of metrics.

FIG. 14 is an example analytic platform dashboard window that deliversreal-time visual information from RUM data.

FIG. 15 is an example group of additional fields or widgets that may beincorporated into or displayed on an analytic dashboard window.

FIG. 16 is an example analytic dashboard window that shows the worldfrom outer space while providing real-time visual information from RUMdata.

FIG. 17 illustrates details of the key shown in FIG. 16 for decipheringthe various RUM data beacons.

FIG. 18 is an example expanded view of a section of the NorthernHemisphere of the world centered over North America details, showing RUMdata beacons.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description specific details are set forth, such asserver types, cloud providers, structural features, process steps, userinterfaces, etc., in order to provide a thorough understanding of thesubject matter disclosed herein. However, persons having ordinary skillin the relevant arts will appreciate that these specific details may notbe needed to practice the present invention. It should also beunderstood that the elements in the FIGS. are representational, and arenot necessarily drawn to scale in the interest of clarity.

References throughout this description to “one embodiment”, “anembodiment”, “one example” or “an example” means that a particularfeature, structure or characteristic described in connection with theembodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment. Thephrases “in one embodiment”, “in an embodiment”, “one example” or “anexample” in various places throughout this description are notnecessarily all referring to the same embodiment or example,Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics maybe combined in any suitable combinations and/or sub-combinations in oneor more embodiments or examples.

In the context of the present application, the term “cloud” broadlyrefers to a collection of machine instances, storage and/or networkdevices that work together in concert. A “public cloud” refers to acloud that is publically available, i.e., provided by a cloud providerthat a user may access via the Internet in order to allocate cloudresources for the purpose of utilizing or deploying software programs,and also for running or executing those programs thereon, Some publicclouds deliver cloud infrastructure services or Infrastructure as aService (IaaS). By way of example, Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (alsoknown as “EC2™”) is a web service that allows users to rent computers onwhich to run their own computer applications, thereby allowing scalabledeployment of applications through which a user can create a virtualmachine (commonly known as an “instance”) containing any softwaredesired. The term “elastic” refers to the fact that user can create,launch, and terminate server instances as needed, paying by the hour foractive servers.

Cloud platform services or “Platform as a Service (PaaS)” deliver acomputing platform and/or solution stack as a service. An example PaaScloud provider is the Google App Engine, which lets anyone buildapplications on Google's scalable infrastructure. Another leadingsoftware platform in the cloud provider is Microsoft Azure™, anapplication platform in the cloud that allows applications to be hostedand run at Microsoft datacenters. A “private cloud” is a cloud that isnot generally available to the public, and which is typically locatedbehind a firewall of a business. Thus, a private cloud is only availableas a platform for users of that business who are behind the firewall.

The term “cloud computing” refers to a paradigm in which machine,storage, and application resources exist on a “cloud” of servers. Incloud computing shared resources, software and information are providedon-demand, like a public utility, via the Internet. Thus, cloudcomputing provides computation, data access, and storage resourceswithout requiring users to know the location and other physical detailsof the computing infrastructure. Cloud computing is closely related togrid computing, which refers to the concept of interconnecting networkedcomputers such that processing power, memory and data storage are allcommunity resources that authorized users can utilize for specifictasks.

The term “server” broadly refers to any combination of hardware orsoftware embodied in a computer (i.e., a machine “instance”) designed toprovide services to client devices or processes. A server therefore canrefer to a computer that runs a server operating system fromcomputer-executable code stored in a memory, and which is provided tothe user as virtualized or non-virtualized server; it can also refer toany software or dedicated hardware capable of providing computingservices.

In the context of the present disclosure, “load” servers (also referredto as “Maestro” or “test” servers) are servers deployed and utilizedprimarily to generate a test load on a target website. That is, loadservers play the test composition, generating a load on a target(customer) website and web applications. Load servers also function toreport back results of the load test and statistics in real-time.“Analytic” or “result” servers are deployed and utilized primarily tocollect the real-time test results from the load servers, aggregatethose results, stream the results to real-time dashboards, and storethem in a database.

Similarly, “collector” servers are servers deployed and used to receivereal-user measurement data sent from a user's client device. Each of thecollectors process and aggregate the data items received.“Consolidators” are servers deployed and utilized in a hierarchicalmanner to accumulate and aggregate the data received from thecollectors. The consolidators are typically configured to stream thefurther aggregated data to a ResultService Reader/Writer unit thatstores a final aggregated set or array of data results in a databaseaccessible to a computer or main instance that generates an analyticdashboard in real-time from the final aggregated set or array of dataresults.

The term “real-time” refers to a level of computer responsiveness that auser senses as sufficiently immediate or that enables the computer tokeep up with some external process (for example, to presentvisualizations of load test results as it constantly changes). Thus,real-time is a mode of computer operation in which the computer collectsdata, analyzes or computes with the data, reports (e.g., visuallydisplays) and/or stores the results nearly simultaneously, i.e., withinseconds or milliseconds.

A “grid” or “test grid” refers to a collection of interconnected serversthat may be used to run a load test on a target website, or to performRUM of a website or deployed application to provide a real-time view ofactual user activity. As disclosed herein, a computer program or gridwizard may be utilized to automatically determine the global:cross-cloud, resources needed to execute a test or measurement.Furthermore, the computer program can automatically allocate thoseserver resources required for the test or measurement across multipledifferent cloud providers; verifies that the allocated servers areoperational; and that the allocated servers are running the proprietarysoftware or computer program product correctly. The computer program orproduct also monitors the allocated servers, replacing non-operationalservers (when allocated, and during execution of the test ormeasurements) and displays results from multiple globally distributedclouds in a real-time streaming dashboard which requires no userinitiated refresh.

In the context of the present disclosure, the term “beacon” refers todata related to a user experience on a particular website or webapplication, collected by a library (e.g., a JavaScript library) runningon the browser of a client device, and sent via Hypertext Transfer (orTransport) Protocol (HTTP) to a server. The server receiving the beaconinformation may aggregate that data along with similar data receivedfrom other users accessing the same website or web application. Any HTTPheaders sent by the browser as part of the HTTP protocol may also beconsidered part of the beacon. A beacon may therefore be thought of as apage view on a website, but without a corresponding page. For every userwho visits that website, the browser running the library on the user'sclient device measures various metrics and records data that is thensent or “beaconed” back to a results server in real-time as the usernavigates through or uses the website.

A “data bucket” or “bucket” refers to a type of data buffer, datacontainer, block of memory, or file on a disk that contains data. In thepresent disclosure, data buckets are arranged in a set or array, witheach data bucket containing a count of a number of data values fallingwithin a predetermined range. A given data bucket may be empty, ornon-empty. The set or array of data buckets are typically arranged in anascending order such that all of the data buckets span a full range ofdata values expected to be received for a particular data set or datatype, e.g., from the lowest data value to the highest data value. Eachof the data buckets are defined with predetermined value ranges suchthat a received data value will fall within a single one of the databuckets in the set or array.

In one embodiment, a method and system is provided for calculating loadtest aggregated test results at three architectural levels: first, atthe load server level; second, at the analytics server level; and lastlyat the system-wide data-store level. In a specific implementation,detailed level “raw” data (the content of a request sent to a websitee.g., to access a homepage) is not sent from any of the load servers toany analytic server. Thus, system resources on the load server side arenot wasted for the continual sending of raw data. Similarly, systemresources on the analytics server side are conserved since the need toreceive and process raw data sent from the load servers is obviated.

Instead of sending the raw data (web pages' responses and theirstatistics) obtained during a load test from each of the load servers tothe analytic servers, a level of aggregation is added within each of theload servers. That is, in one embodiment, each load server includes anembedded component or client (referred to as a Results Service Client)that performs analytics server functions at the load server level. ThisResults Service Client aggregates test result data and generates variousresults statistics or metrics, e.g., average response time, averageresponse size, etc., from the raw data that the load server receivedfrom the target website or application. The statistics computed by theResults Service Client in each of the load servers are then sent totheir associated analytic server at periodic intervals (e.g., once everyfive seconds).

In another embodiment, a grid of servers is deployed to collect andprocess real-user measurements that capture actual mobile and desktopuser experience on a website or web application. A beacon of datareceived from a plurality of client devices associated with usersvisiting or accessing a particular website or web application isaggregated in a multi-tiered architecture of servers that collect andconsolidate measurements in identical sets or arrays of data buckets. Inone embodiment, the width or range of each data bucket used forcollecting data received and aggregated from the user beacons is set tobe equal, bucket-to-bucket. In another embodiment, each of the databuckets is assigned a predetermined variable-width or range. Visualizeddata analytics for display in a real-time analytic dashboard aregenerated from the collection and consolidation of real-usermeasurements.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example high level architectural diagram of onestage of a CloudTest® provisioning process, which is the name given tothe application program or grid wizard program described herein. Asshown, a target website 12 includes a plurality of web servers 17coupled to Internet cloud 15 through a load balancer 18 and a firewall19. Web servers 17 are interconnected with a plurality of applicationservers 16 and a plurality of database servers 14.

Target website 12 is shown connected to a public cloud 11 via Internetcloud 15 a. Public cloud 11 includes a main instance 23 coupled to adatabase 24. Database 24 may be used to store test results, storemetadata indicative of the test definition, and to store monitoring data(e.g., CPU metrics) generated during the load test. Main instance 23 isalso shown coupled to a pair of analytic servers 22 and a pair of loadservers 21 within cloud 11, consistent with a snapshot view of the startof a process of deploying a test grid. It is appreciated that cloud 11may comprise multiple clouds associated with multiple different cloudproviders. In the example shown, main instance 23 is a virtual machinedeployed on a server provided in cloud 11 that communicates with abrowser application. In one embodiment, main instance 23 may include aresults service (designated as a “reader” results service, as opposed toall of the other remote, “writer” results services) which reads datafrom database 24 and serves it to a web application, which in turnformats the data and serves it to an analytic dashboard in the browser.In operation, main instance 23 executes the coded sequence of computerexecuted steps (e.g., from code stored in a memory) that allocates theserver resources required for the test across one or multiple differentcloud providers. The same application that allocates/verifies serverresources may also verify that the allocated servers are operational toconduct the website load test. The main instance may also execute codethat implements the multi-tiered load test results aggregation stepsdisclosed herein.

Connected to the front-end of cloud 11 through Internet cloud 15 is alaptop computer 20 associated with a user who may orchestrate deploymentof the test of target website 12. It is appreciated that in otherimplementations, computer 20 may comprise a desktop computer,workstation, or other computing device that provides a user interfacethat allows a user to create and execute the test composition, definethe parameters of the grid, initiate the load test, as well asanalyze/review results of the test in real-time. The user interface maybe web-based so it can be accessed from any computer having web-browsercapabilities from any location in the world, without installation ofspecialized software.

Persons of skill in the art will understand that the software whichimplements main instance 23 may also be downloaded to the user's laptopcomputer 20 or implemented on a separate hardware appliance unit locatedeither at the user's premises (e.g., behind the firewall) or anywhere inclouds 15 or 11. It is further appreciated that laptop 20 isrepresentative of a wide variety of computer devices, such asworkstations, personal computers, distributed computer systems, etc.,that may be utilized by the user to launch the method forprovisioning/running the cross-CloudTest grid, analyzing streamingreal-time results, as well as monitoring the performance of the actualload test.

Continuing with the example of FIG. 1, the application program runningon main instance 23 operates to create a graphical user interface (GUI)that allows a user of laptop 20 to remotely interact with theapplication, view/monitor the test results in real-time, and modifyparameters/test conditions dynamically during the actual test. (Forpurposes of the present disclosure, the grid wizard is consideredsynonymous with the application program or system program that performsthe method and operations described herein.) In one embodiment, maininstance 23 may include an embedded load server for running a relativelysmall load test that does not require the deployment of other loadservers, and an embedded results (i.e., analytic) server forcollecting/aggregating the real-time test results. In anotherembodiment, the main instance and the database provide a basic CloudTestenvironment that can be used to launch/establish one or more grids, withmore or more cloud providers being utilized to provision each grid.

The overall testing process begins with the user creating asophisticated test plan or composition via a GUI of either the sameapplication program running on main instance 23 or a GUI associated withanother web browser application. The GUI may be utilized that generatecomplex parallel message streams for website testing. In one example,the test plan may be created in the form of a visual message composition(analogous to a music composition) for testing and demonstrating webservices, such as that described in U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/503,580, filed Aug. 14, 2006, which application is hereinincorporated by reference.

The process of deploying the test grid for a large-scale test may startwith the user of laptop 20 indicating to main instance 23 the number ofvirtual users wanted on each track of the test composition. For example,the user of the system may wish test the target website with a loadequal to 1000 users on each track of a test composition. The user mayindicate the number of virtual users through an input entered on abrowser page of the GUI (as described below), or, alternatively, invokea grid wizard that automatically makes an intelligent allocation of theproper amount of resources needed to conduct the test, based onexamining the composition that this grid will be running. By way ofexample, the system may determine that a single load server should beallocated to accommodate every 1000 virtual users,

Similarly, the system (via a grid wizard) may determine a properallocation of result servers needed to accommodate the number of loadservers specified. In one embodiment, users can specify how many loadservers and how many result servers they want in each cloud and region.Alternatively, users may employ the grid wizard to specify allparameters. That is, users can simply specify a defined testcomposition, and the grid wizard automatically analyzes the compositionand determines how many servers they need in each cloud and region. Itis appreciated that the determination of the number of load servers andresult servers is typically made based on considerations that ensureeach virtual user has a satisfactory amount of bandwidth, CPU & memoryresources, etc., such that it correctly simulates or behaves as areal-world browser.

Once the test has been defined and the parameters set (e.g., number ofservers, server locations, etc.) via the grid wizard, upon user input,the user main instance 23 starts the process of actually deploying andallocating the specified resources by interacting with an applicationprogramming interface (API) of one or more cloud providers. By way ofexample, a user may click on a “Deploy Instances” button provided in apage of the CloudTest program GUI; in response, the system softwarecontacts all of the different cloud APIs it needs and starts to allocatethe required servers.

For example, if 1000 servers are to be allocated in EC2 there may be 40simultaneous requests issued, each request being for 25 servers. Ifanother 200 servers need to be allocated in Microsoft Azure in twodifferent geographically-located data centers, two simultaneous requestsmay be issued, each for 100 servers in each data center (due to the factthat Azure does not support allocating smaller groups into one singledeployment). In other words, the user may simply click on an icon buttonof a GUI to initiate the deployment/allocation of resources (e.g.,machine instances) needed to execute the test composition, with therequests necessary to achieve that allocation being issued/handled in anautomated manner, i.e., without user intervention.

FIG. 1 show the beginning of this process, wherein a first pair of loadservers 21 and analytic servers 22 (also referred to as result serversor results services) have already been allocated and deployed on thegrid.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example high level architectural diagram of alater stage of a CloudTest test grid provisioning process, which may beafter the cross-cloud grid has been fully allocated and checked. Forreasons of clarity, an array of just fifty-four interconnected loadservers 21 are shown allocated per each result server 22 in the exampleof FIG. 2. It is appreciated, however, that the system and methoddescribed herein is highly scalable and capable of deploying/allocatinga massive amount of resources including hundreds or thousands of loadservers as well as a corresponding portion or ratio of result servers,depending on the parameters specified by either the user or system priorto deployment of the grid. In one embodiment, a typical ratio ofanalytic (result) servers to load (maestro) servers is 1:50. Asdiscussed previously, a grid—whether cross-cloud or single cloud—is acollection of load servers 21 and result servers 22, all of which (or asubset of) can be used to run a load test in concert.

FIG. 3 is an example block high level architectural diagram thatillustrates how, in real-time, load test results are aggregated atmultiple different tiers or levels. As shown, block 27 represents abrowser that provides real-time test analytics to a user (e.g. vialaptop 20 shown in FIG. 1, or other computer device). Browser 27 isshown connected with main instance 23, which, in turn, is coupled withdatabase 24. Database 24 provides system-level storage for aggregatedtest result data received from the Results Service servers 22. Database24 receives aggregated test result data via a direct connection to eachof the plurality of result servers 22.

Each of result servers 22 is connected to a plurality of associated load(Maestro) servers 21. Each load server 21 is shown having an embeddedcomponent or Result Service client 25, which computes metrics orstatistics from the raw data (e.g., web pages) received from the targetwebsite or application. As discussed previously, the function of eachload server 21 is to provide a load to the target website by creatingone or more virtual users that access information on the target website.Within each Maestro server 21 is Result Service client 25 whichfunctions to compute statistics such as average response time, averageresponse size, and the like. In one embodiment, instead of sending allof the raw data received from the target website. Result Service client25 computes relevant statistics and discards the data. Then, once aninterval (e.g., every five seconds) the statistics computed by client 25are sent to the associated result server 22.

Each of the result servers takes all of the statistics received from allof its associated load servers 21 and further aggregates thosestatistics. In other words, each result server 22 aggregates theaggregated results received from all of the load servers 21 that it isconnected to. The resulting aggregated data is then further aggregatedin database 24. Thus, statistics such as average response time acrossall of load servers 21 for the load test is stored in database 24 andavailable on a real-time basis to browser 27, via database queriesperformed by the main instance 23, which can perform furtheraggregation, grouping, filtering, etc.

Practitioners in the art will appreciate that the disclosed multi-tieredarchitecture does not overburden analytic servers 22 with excessivemessaging of raw data. Furthermore, persons of skill will understandthat aggregating statistical results data on multiple levels, beginningat the point closest to the actual load test results' creation, allows auser to view results in real-time on an analytic dashboard graphicaluser interface, thereby permitting real-time analysis across the entiretesting infrastructure.

In a specific embodiment, each load server 21 includes an accumulatorthat stores the statistically aggregated data (e.g., average response orload time) computed on a second-by-second basis. Periodically (e.g.,every 5 seconds), each load server 21 sends an appropriate number ofmessages (e.g., 5 messages, one for each second) to its associatedresult server 22. That is, one batched message is sent every 5seconds—the batched message including data about all of the previous 5seconds. Each message contains the data metrics computed every onesecond interval. These fine granularity metrics are then furtheraggregated in database 24. It is appreciated that by computingstatistics/metrics on a second-by-second basis, the analytic dashboardrunning on browser 27 can analyze the results on various levels ofgranularity. In other words, the user may want to view statisticalresults of the load test on a minute-by-minute basis, or all the waydown to a second-by-second basis. Thus, the architecture describedherein allows a user to view real-time streaming results in an analyticdashboard of various performance metrics on a second-by-second basis,even when there are millions of virtual users on thousands of loadservers.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example graphical user interface window (alsoreferred to as “widget’) 40 that shows real-time results of a testcomposition running on an example grid. In other words, monitor summarywidget 40 provides the user with visibility into the load that the testis creating on the grid server instances. (In the context of the presentdisclosure, a widget refers to a super class of charts—anything that auser might want to display graphically on a user interface. A widget canbe a cross-set of results data, a set of charts, a list of data, or anycombination/correlation of data displayed on the analytic dashboard.)

As can be seen, a set of combined charts are shown graphically invarious window fields. For example, field 41 illustrates the number ofvirtual users (shaded area) and the send rate (heavy line) as a functionof test time. Field 42 illustrates error count (vertical dark lines) andthe number of virtual users (shaded area) versus test time. Field 43shows the number of bytes sent and received (vertical dark lines) andthe number of virtual users (shaded area) as a function of test time. Itis appreciated that the user may select/view a wide variety of charts(combined, correlated, etc.) using tabs 45. Collectively, the chartsprovided in window 40 allow a user to view, analyze, and monitor testresults and information in real-time so as to help identify root causesof performance problems their website or web application may beexperiencing.

Persons of skill in the arts will appreciate that FIG. 4 shows how theentire test grid (comprising a huge number of interconnected load andresult servers) works in concert to send load, receive responses,aggregate and analyze those responses into a real-time streaminggraphical result displayed to the user. All this is accomplishedregardless of how many server instances and different cloud providersare utilized to run the load test. Moreover, the various result chartsmay be viewed in one or many real-time streaming analytic dashboards. Ineach of the charts displayed on analytic dashboard window 40, the usermay change the time format or legend of the horizontal axis forreporting the testing analytics in real-time on a varying time (e.g.,hour-by-hour, minute-by-minute, or second-by-second) basis.

During the playback of the test composition and while the user ismonitoring/viewing the test results displayed on GUI window 40, the usermay pause or stop the test. Stopping the test closes the result andunloads the running test composition from all of the load servers. Onthe other hand, pausing or temporarily halting the test stops the loadfrom all of the load servers, but keeps the test composition loaded andready to resume playing into the same result. For instance, the user maypause the test after identifying a problem that requires adjustment ofthe load balancer on the target website. It should be understood thatwhen the test is temporarily halted in this manner, the grid remainsfully provisioned and running. In other words, the composition andrunning of the load test is independent from the provisioning andrunning of the grid. After any adjustments or reconfiguration of thetarget website, the user may continue with the execution or playback ofthe test composition, either beginning at the place where it was halted,or re-starting the test from the beginning. Persons of skill in the artwill appreciate that the ability to start/re-start the test withoutaffecting the state of the grid, in conjunction with the ability to viewtest results metrics in real-time (e.g., second-by-second) provides apowerful advantage over prior art methods for testing a customerwebsite.

FIG. 5 is an example flow diagram of an automated sequence of steps foraggregating load test results at multiple different tiers or levels. Theexample method begins at a point where the load test grid is up andrunning, and the test composition is being executed on the targetwebsite. As the load test progresses, within each load server, acomponent or client periodically calculates or computes aggregated testresults from the raw load test data generated from the target website(block 51). The raw data may comprise HTTP, Simple Object AccessProtocol (SOAP) or other protocols messages' responses received from thetarget website, whereas the aggregated test results may comprise anystatistic or metric of interest. The periodic interval that theaggregated test results are computed for may vary, but in a specificembodiment, results are computed every second.

The aggregated test results computed by the client running on each loadserver are periodically sent to their associated analytic server (block52). The period at which the aggregated results are sent to the analyticservers may be equal to or greater than the period at which theaggregated test results are computed within each load server. In atypical implementation, aggregated test result data is computed by eachload server every second, with the results of those computations beingsent to the analytic servers from each of the load servers every fiveseconds.

Next, at each analytic server the aggregated test result data receivedfrom each of the associated load servers is further aggregated (block53). In other words, each analytic server produces aggregated testresult data across all of its associated load servers. For example, ifeach analytic server is associated (i.e., connected) with 50 loadservers, each analytic server aggregates statistics/metrics across theaggregated test result data received from each of the 50 load servers.

Finally, at block 54, the aggregated statistical data produced by eachanalytic server is further aggregated at the system-wide data store inreal-time. For instance, Structured Query Language (SQL) queries to thedatabase can perform statistical functions (e.g., AVG, SUM, etc.)against tables' rows which have been inserted from the individualanalytics servers, thereby producing further (third-level) aggregatedresults. As explained above, the results of this final level ofaggregation is available in real-time to a browser executing an analyticdashboard that provides a graphical display of the results in variouscharts.

FIG. 6 is an example high level architectural diagram of one stage of aprovisioning process for performing real-user measurements on a websiteor web application. The provisioning process is similar to thatdescribed in FIG. 1, except that instead of provisioning a test grid forload testing of a target website, FIG. 6 illustrates the provisioning ofcollectors 61 that capture data metrics from actual users around theworld, represented by globe 65, who are presently visiting a website, orusing a web application or a mobile app. Collectors 61 receive andterminate beacon data received from user client devices, process thebeacon data, which data is then further aggregated by consolidators 62,with the final level of aggregated data being stored in a database 64,which is coupled to a main instance 63. Main instance 63 may execute thecomputer program that deploys the Real User Measurement (RUM) grid,which comprises a hierarchical configuration of collector andconsolidator servers, as well as controlling the capture andconsolidation of RUM data. Main instance may also execute code forperforming real-time analytics on the captured and aggregated data, andfor generating an analytic dashboard for display on a computing device60, e.g., a user laptop computer.

FIG. 7 is an example architectural diagram illustrating a computingplatform that captures performance metrics from real user measurementsin accordance with one embodiment. In the embodiment shown, a user'sclient device (e.g., laptop computer) 73 is shown accessing a websitehosted on a server 72 in network cloud 71 via messaging/communicationlink 74 a. In response to visiting the website, host server 72 downloadsthe library to computing device 13 via link 74 b. The library is thenembedded in the browser running on client device 73. Thereafter, thelibrary collects various metrics and data generated from the user'sexperience on the particular website, and periodically sends thatinformation, as shown by arrow 75, to a results server (RS Client) orcollector 61 located in network cloud 76.

The information collected and periodically sent to server 61 may includesuch metrics as web page load time, total load time, number of web pagesaccessed, average load time per page, etc. The specific metrics and datacollected and sent to server may vary depending on the information ofinterest to the business or enterprise owning the website. In addition,the periodicity or interval for sending the data collected may varycase-to-case. In one embodiment, metrics such as page load times andaverage load time may be sent for each page accessed by the user. Inother embodiments, metrics and data collected may be beaconed to server20 on a predetermined time interval, e.g., every 100 ms.

In one embodiment clouds 71 and 76 may comprise the same public network(i.e.: the Internet). Alternatively, clouds 71 and 76 may comprise avariety of different public and/or private networks.

It is appreciated that server 61 may receive beacons containing metricsand other performance data from a multitude of different client devices,each of which may be located in a different geographic area. In othercases, server 61 may receive metrics and data from a multitude ofdifferent client devices located in the same geographic region (e.g.,San Francisco or Boston). It is appreciated that a hierarchy of serversmay be arranged to collect and consolidate data and metrics receivedfrom millions, or even billions, of client devices accessing the samewebsite or web application at the same time. All of this data is sent toa ResultsService reader/writer unit 77 that aggregates the total datareceived and stores it in a database 78, making it accessible to a maincomputer instance 63, which implements a real-time analytic dashboardfor real-time visual presentation of the RUM results stored in database78. It is appreciated that in other embodiments the aggregating unit maycomprise another server, or other computing device.

FIG. 8 is an architectural diagram illustrating an example multi-tieredgrid for collecting and consolidating RUMs across the globe inreal-time. Various geographically-distributed clouds 76 a-76 e are shownassociated with Ireland, San Francisco: Singapore, Brazil and Tokyo,respectively. Each cloud 76 is shown including collectors 61, alsoreferred to a s ResultService Client servers. In this example, up tofifty collectors 61 are shown in each cloud 76. Each collector 61 mayreceive beacon data from thousands of actual users presently visiting awebsite or using a web application. Each collector aggregates RUM dataand aggregates various performance metrics in real-time from thebeacons, which terminate at each collector 61.

The plurality of collectors 61 in each cloud 76 periodically (e.g.,every 1-5 seconds) send their aggregated data to a resultserver/consolidator 62 that further aggregates the aggregated RUMperformance data and metrics. Each consolidator 62 forwards theconsolidated data aggregated from the collectors 62 to a ResultsServicereader/writer (R/W for short) unit 77, which stores the aggregated datain database 78, where it is available to main instance 63. As describedpreviously, main instance 63 may execute a program that generates areal-time analytic dashboard that provides the aggregated data andperformance metrics in a graphical display of a computer 73, with thedashboard display changing as it is updated in real-time.

In one embodiment, main instance 63. R/W unit 77, database 78 andcomputer 73 may be associated or located with an enterprise 81. It otherembodiments, not all of the elements and apparatus shown in box 81 maybe co-located or associated with a single entity or service. Forexample, laptop computer 73 may be associated with a business clientthat contracts with a RUM data analysis service, which comprises maininstance 63, R/W unit 77, database 78 and which deploys the measurementgrid comprising collectors 61 and consolidators 62.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram showing an example method for handling usersessions on a given website or web application. The process begins atblock 91 with the selection of a single collector that is assigned to auser once that user starts a session. In other words, the first time abeacon is generated during a user session a collector is assigned tothat user session. Usually, the collector assigned to a particular useris physically located in the same geographical region as the user, e.g.,San Francisco Bay Area. On the user-side, the selected collector's URLis then stored in a cookie in the user's browser running on the clientdevice. (Block 92) This insures that the same collector is used toterminate beacons received from the user throughout the session. Stateddifferently, this insures that all of the beacon data generated from asingle user session gets sent from the user's browser to the samecollector. (Block 93)

At decision block 94 a query is made to determine whether the collector(server) has failed. If so, a new collector is brought up with the sameURL and IP address as the failed collector. (Block 94) If the collectoris running correctly, a second query is made to determine whether theuser session has expired. (Block 96) If not, the process returns toblock 93, with all further beacons being sent to and terminated at thesame collector. On the other hand, if the user session expires (e.g.,after a long period of inactivity) the process returns to block 91. Inthis manner, every single user session gets associated with a singlecollector through the duration of that session, which facilitatesefficient processing of the beacon data.

FIG. 10 is a table showing various data and performance metricscollected from an example user session. The information shown in FIG. 10is collected using a set or array of data buckets, the details of whichare described below. As shown, the user session data of interest in thisexample includes the number of pages in the session, the load time foreach page, total load time (cumulative) for the session, total timespent during the session (per page), one or more custom metrics, and theaverage page load time, which is calculated over the duration of thesession. By way of example, the custom metrics may include a count ofthe number of items placed in a user's shopping cart during a websitesession. In one embodiment, each of the data items/metrics shown in FIG.10 may be stored in a set of data buckets.

FIG. 11 is a chart of an example user session illustrating a databucketing technique where the session object of interest is average pageload time. In this example, a set of six data buckets 111-116 are usedto collect and aggregate load time data for the user session shown inFIG. 10, which comprises five beacons, B1-B5, one for each pageloaded/viewed by a user of the website. Each of the rows B1-B5represents the state of the data buckets at a given point in time, i.e.,when the beacons is sent from the client device's browser, which, forexample, may occur each time the user views a new webpage. Each of thedata buckets represents a separate, distinct memory resource allocatedto a particular data value range. For instance, each data bucket maycomprise a distinct physical memory address of a RAM, EPROM, EEPROM, ordisk memory storage location (e.g., optical or magnetic).

In one embodiment, each data bucket comprises one or more accumulators,buffers, memory locations, counters, or other storage device(implemented in hardware or software) that may be incremented for eachdata value falling within its determined range. The data buckets collectthe data items associated with each beacon received, which in thisexample corresponds to a new page view on the website. In accordancewith one embodiment, each collector and consolidator (see e.g., FIG. 8)has an identical set or array of data buckets, with each bucket having apredefined data value range. For instance, bucket 111 is designated foraverage load times in the range between 0-1 s; bucket 112 is for loadtimes greater than is, up and equal to 2 s; bucket 113 is for datapoints greater than 2 s, up to and including load times of 3 s; bucket114 is for load times greater than 3 s, up and equal to 5 s; bucket 115is for data points greater than 5 s, up to and including load times of 7s; and bucket 116 is for data points greater than 7 s, up to andincluding load times of 12 s. In another embodiment, the range mayinclude the lower bound and extend up to, but not include, the upperbound.

As shown in FIG. 11, the first beacon (B1) includes a load time for thefirst page of 3 s, so the set of data items of interest that areassociated with that load time are stored in data bucket 113. Thus, thechart shows the first page, total time spent=30 s and custom metric(e.g., items in shopping cart)=0 in bucket 113. It is appreciated thatany number of additional data items of interest may also be stored inbucket 113 in response to receiving the first and subsequent beacons.

The second beacon (B2) for the second page of the user session has aload time of 1 s, making the average total load time 2 s (=(3 s+1 s)/2),which falls in the range of data bucket 112. In accordance with oneembodiment, the data in bucket 113 is decremented to zero out the dataitems in that bucket, and the page count, total session time, shoppingcart, etc., values are incremented to reflect the current data countsafter the second beacon for the user session is received at the selectedcollector. The same process is repeated for beacons B3, B4 and B5. Forinstance, the average load time after the third and fourth pages havebeen loaded is 2 s and 1.875 s, respectively. Because both of these loadtime values fall within the range of data bucket 112, the chart reflectsthe accumulated data items in the chart entries under bucket 112. Afterthe fifth page has loaded, the average load time for the session is now2.3 s (=(3+1+2+1.5+4)/5), which falls within the range of bucket 113.

Continuing with the example of FIG. 11, the session items stored afterthe fifth beacon includes five pages loaded, the total time spent by theuser now totals 170 s, and three items in the shopping cart, with anaverage load time of 2.3 s. This data information is stored in orassociated with data bucket 113 in the set or array of data buckets ofthe collector receiving the beacon data for this particular usersession. It is appreciated that RUM data for millions of real users maybe collected in this manner in the architectures shown in FIGS. 7 & 8,with the data collected and aggregated in the result server hierarchybeing forwarded/aggregated down to the final, bottom level where it isstored in a database. At each level in the hierarchy, the collector andconsolidator servers include an identical set or array of data bucketsthat are used to aggregate and store the data and performance metricsfor all of the actual website visitors or web application users inreal-time. For example, using the techniques described above, an averageor median load time can be calculated and continuously updated inreal-time for tens or hundreds of millions of actual users.

At some point in time (e.g., every 1-10 seconds) the aggregated sessiondata in each of the collectors is sent or “pushed” onto an associatedconsolidator server. This involves sending the data for the array ofbuckets over a network to a consolidator configured with an identicalnumber of data buckets each having the same corresponding data rangevalues. In other words, for the example of FIG. 11, the consolidatorreceiving session data from each of the collectors is configured with aset of six data buckets, each having the data value (load time) rangesshown at the top of FIG. 11. In one embodiment, a snapshot of the stateof the data buckets for each session is sent from the collectors to anassociated consolidator server. The state of all of the buckets in theset is based on all the sessions collected and aggregated in theconsolidators. In other words, the aggregated data collected in the inthe sets of data buckets for all of the collector servers for allon-going sessions is periodically sent to an associated consolidator,which aggregates all of that data in an identically configured set ofdata buckets.

Practitioners in the art will appreciate that no matter how many beaconsa particular collector receives, only data from a finite number of databuckets, representing aggregated data for all sessions, is sent to aconsolidator. The beacons themselves terminate at a particularcollector, with the beacon data being placed in a set of data buckets,which is then periodically sent to a consolidator. In one embodiment, aset of 125 data buckets is used to aggregate a million or more actualuser session or more for a single website. It is appreciated that eachcollector may be configured to handle multiple websites, each having alarge multitude of user sessions. All of the millions of user sessionshappening in real-time, with each session lasting from one to 10, 20 orany number of pages, fit into the set of 125 data buckets.

As described above, in one embodiment the consolidators combine the databuckets for all of the various associated collectors by aggregating(adding) counts of data metrics within each of the data buckets, e.g.,how many web pages, on average, does a user view when they visit aparticular website. The same process occurs down the hierarchy with thecounts in each of the data buckets of the consolidators being aggregatedin a final set of data buckets stored in a database. The count data inthe data buckets stored in the database is updated periodically (e.g.,every second) and is accessible to an main instance or other computingdevice which generates an analytic dashboard that graphically displaysthe RUM data and conversion metrics (sums, averages, medians,percentiles, etc.) on one or more user interface widgets.

To summarize, all of the beacons generated from real user sessions on awebsite or web application are terminated at the collectors. From there,the data is placed in data buckets arranged in sets or arrays that areuniform in number, with each bucket having a predefined value range. Thedata values aggregated in the data buckets are periodically sent over anetwork from each collector to an associated consolidator. Eachconsolidator has its own identical set or array of data buckets (same asthe collectors) that is used to further accumulate/aggregate the dataresults. The aggregated data in the set or array of data buckets of eachconsolidator periodically (e.g., every second) sends that data to a R/Wunit, which stores that data in a database. Note that the R/W unit alsohas a set or array of data buckets that is identical to that of theconsolidators and collectors. In one embodiment, the R/W unit may expandthe data in the database, according to a template, into a larger set ofdata that is also stored in the database. The resulting data in thedatabase may then be read out to an analytic dashboard.

In one embodiment, template expansion provides interesting and usefulinsights and dimensions to the aggregated data results. For example, abusiness or enterprise might be interested to know how real users'experience on their website varies across different geographicalregions, browser types, and other metrics.

FIG. 12 shows an example list 120 of selected metrics that may be ofinterest for template expansion. As shown, list 120 includes the metricsof geography (e.g., continent or region of the globe), country andregion, browser type, operating system (O/S), page group, Alpha/Betarelease version of a website, bandwidth, and customer defined metrics.Even though list 120 is shown including seven metrics, it is appreciatedthat all of the various combinations of these metrics can produce anextremely large matrix of data. For instance, there are 250 countriesaround the world, each with up to 100 different regions: there are 170different browsers; 10-15 different operating systems, and so on.

To reduce the number of combinations down to a manageable number, thepotential number of possible combinations, in one embodiment a limitedsubset of combinations of importance or interest is defined. By way ofexample, FIG. 12 illustrates a subset 121 of such combinations thatincludes country, page group, country and page group, country andbrowser, and country and region (if the country is the USA). In otherembodiments different combinations may be selected or defined to be ofinterest to a particular business or enterprise. For instance, a companythat only does business in France may opt for a different set ofcombinations.

In one embodiment, a limited subset of combinations is applied duringthe collection/aggregation process to achieve meaningful templateexpansion. To better understand this process, consider the example shownin FIG. 13, where subset 121 is used during collection of data receivedduring a user session. In this example, the first beacon (B1) generatedduring the user session arrives at a collector from a user located inCalifornia, who is running Chrome browser, and who is currently visitingthe home page of a website. Applying subset 121 of importantcombinations shown in FIG. 12, this single beacon expands or maps intofour different data buckets: the USA template expansion, theUSA+California template expansion, the Home page template expansion andthe USA+Chrome browser template expansion.

Practitioners in the art will understand that using the templateexpansion approach described above separate sets or arrays of databuckets are created for each type of template expansion based on apredefined subset of combinations of metrics. For the example of FIG.13, this expansion results in an entire set of load time data bucketsfor the whole website, another set for USA, a third set for USA+CA, afourth set for USA+MA, a fifth set for USA+Chrome, a sixth set forUSA+Internet Explorer, and a seventh set for Home page.

FIG. 13 also shows a second beacon (B2) mapping into four different databuckets, which includes the USA and Home expansions created from B1, andtwo new expansions: the USA+Massachusetts template expansion and theUSA+Internet Explorer template expansion. Note that after the secondbeacon is received, six different sets of data buckets (each identicalin number and individual data value ranges) are now in use. Continuingwith this example, a third beacon (not shown) might result in anothernew template expansion, and so on. It is appreciated, however, thatafter a million or more beacons have arrived at the collector the numberof template expansions typically remains small (e.g., 6-10) due to thelimited number of combinations defined by subset 121. That is, themapping of a beacon onto subset 121 is substantially smaller than wouldbe the case if the expansion accounted for every possible combination ofdifferent metrics represented in list 120.

FIG. 14 illustrates a mPulse™ data analysis platform dashboard window140 that delivers real-time visual information from RUM data captured,collected and aggregated in accordance with the embodiments describedabove. As shown, a number of visual indicators representative of theaggregated contained in the set or array of data buckets of the R/W unit(or the expanded data sets stored in the database) is displayed inwindow 140. This visual information includes a summary field or widget141 that displays a median web page load time presently beingexperienced by real users calculated from 37,240 total beacons. Otherstatistical information, such as margin of error, 95^(th) percentileload time, and 98^(th) percentile load time, is also included in summarywidget 141.

Window 140 also includes a beacon histogram widget 142 which comprises anumber of histogram bars (adjacent bars being merged), with each barrepresenting a count of the number of beacons received for the wholewebsite which fall into a particular data bucket having a predeterminedvalue range. For example, in ascending order the first data bucket inthe set or array may have a value range R₁=0 s<V≦100 ms (where V is thevalue of a given data item of a beacon); the second data bucket in theset or array may have a value range R₂=100 s<V≦200 ms; the third databucket may have a value range R₃=200 s<V≦400 ms; and so on.

The example dashboard window 140 shown in FIG. 14 further includes awidget 143 which charts the number of user sessions as a function ofpage load time (solid line 144) versus the bounce rate for the websiteper page load time (dashed line 145). The bounce rate is a performancemetric that represents a ratio or percentage of visits to a website thatonly involve one web page (e.g., a home page) with the user leavingwithout viewing a different web page, versus those visitors who actuallyview multiple pages. For example, if in a given time period there are100 visits to the website and 10 of those visitors immediately leftwithout visiting another page, the bounce rate would be 10%. As shown,the bounce rate in this example is strongly correlated to the page loadtime of the website.

FIG. 15 is an example group 150 of additional fields or widgets that maybe incorporated into or displayed on the analytic dashboard window 140of FIG. 14. Group 150 shown includes a geography widget 151 that allowsa user to position a cursor (“mouse-over”) a geographical region, whichuser action automatically causes a window to open over that regionshowing relevant real-time performance metric data results based on RUMof actual users presently visiting a particular website, e.g., medianload time in the USA. Also included is a Page Groups widget 152 whichlists load time and other statistical information for various pagegroups of the website, a browser type field or widget 153 which providessimilar information per browser type, a bandwidth widget 154, and anAlpha/Beta versions field or widget 155. In one embodiment the user mayconfigure or select the number and type of widgets or fields to bedisplayed on the analytics dashboard at any given time.

FIG. 16 is an example analytic dashboard window 160 that shows athree-dimensional (3D) image of the world from outer space whileproviding real-time visual information from RUM data. As shown, thedashboard window 160 real-time visualizations of RUM data is depicted inthe form of circular-shaped beacon dots that periodically flash orappear (similar to a lighthouse beacon) on the display screen. In thisexample, a set of beacon dots depicting real user measurements of aparticular website are shown over North America and a portion of SouthAmerica. As shown, each beacon comprises a circular-shaped dot, thevisual attributes including a size of the circular-shaped dot, the sizerepresenting a total number of real users at the geographic location.That is, each dot represents aggregated data obtained from real users inreal-time, with the size and color of the dot providing informationabout the number of users at a particular geographic location and acomputed performance metric (e.g., average or median load time). Forinstance, key 161 shown in the lower, left-hand corner of window 160indicates the number of beacons per size of each dot, and also the webpage load time in seconds as indicated by the color of the beacon dot. Alarger view of key 161 is shown in FIG. 17.

Continuing with the example of FIG. 16, beacon dots shown in greenindicate a RUM load time of less than 3 seconds at a particulargeographic location. Yellow beacon dots indicate load time responses ina range of 3 to 6 seconds, with load time responses greater than 6seconds being shown in red. Note that in FIG. 16 the green, yellow, andred colors are denoted by the respective letters “G”, “Y”, and “R” nextto the associated beacon dots.

It is appreciated that analytic dashboard window 160 may be configuredto allow a customer to define or select the color of the beacon dots tobe representative of a variety of different metrics. For example, abusiness running a website may, using UI controls, set the color of thebeacon dots at a particular location to represent the average number ofitems in real user's shopping carts, or the average total cost of itemsin users shopping carts.

As discussed above, the size of the beacon dots depicts the total numberof users at that geographic location. The larger the beacon dot, themore users who are accessing or using a particular website at thatlocation. It is appreciated that the size of the beacon dots may also bescaled to capture a wide range of the number of users in the world. Forinstance, smaller beacon dots may be used for numbers in a range of 1-9;medium-sized beacon dots may represent user numbers in the range of10-99; large beacon dots may represent numbers from 100-999, with verylarge beacon dots representing numbers of 1,000 or more real users at alocation.

It should be appreciated that the RUM visualization provided in analyticdashboard window 160 is generated in real-time using the aggregationmethods, apparatus and systems described previously. The worldviewprovided in window 160 allows a business to visualize transactionsactually happening on their website in real-time on a global scale. Notethat the visualization provided is dynamic, meaning that it changes inreal-time as the performance metrics change, and as the number of userschange across the globe. For instance, if one or more new users suddenlyaccessed the website under analysis from a location in southern Florida(e.g., Miami), a new colored beacon dot would appear at that location onthe dashboard window. Similarly, the size and color of each beacon dotchanges dynamically in response to changing performance measurements anduser numbers.

In one embodiment, the dynamic nature of the beacon dots is visuallyindicated by having the beacon dots periodically (e.g., every 2-5seconds) refresh or “pulse” as a colored circle with an outer ring or“ripple” effect, which dissipates or disappears. By way of example,three beacon dots located in Canada are shown in window 160 with anouter ring to visualize a periodic refresh pulse. Note that in oneembodiment, all of the RUM data metrics are updated in real-time on theanalytic dashboard each second. However, the visualization refresh ratemay be set to occur at a different rate (e.g., every 2, 5 or 10 seconds)to provide a more pleasing visual experience to the user of the analyticdashboard.

In the embodiment shown, a user interface control is also provided toallow the user to turn or rotate the globe in any direction (e.g., up,down, sideways) to view any region of the world, Clicking and draggingon the planet allows a user of the analytic dashboard to gently spin theglobe. The middle scroll wheel or right-click dragging may be used tozoom in and out for close-up views. For example, FIG. 18 is an exampleexpanded view of a section of the Northern Hemisphere of the worldcentered over North America details, showing RUM data beacons. Theexpanded view may be used to visually provide more details and finergranularity data.

In yet another embodiment, the user interface allows a user to flattenthe 3D image of the globe to a two-dimensional (2D) image. A togglecommand may be used to change the display image back from the 2D imageto a 3D globe.

In turning or spinning the globe using the user interface, the sunlitportions of the globe may change to dark, nighttime exposure incorrespondence with actual daytime/nighttime conditions around Earth. Inaddition, the global visualization may include actual weather (e.g.,cloud) conditions around the globe. This added feature allows a businessto visualize how customers and users experience and demand changesdepending on time of day or weather conditions. It also allows an onlinemerchant to shift or allocate more resources to their website (e.g.,number of servers and their configuration) based on the visualized datametrics being generated.

Additionally, the 3D image of the globe may also include colors fordistinguishing the different real user performance measurements invarious individual countries. This means that in addition to visuallydisplaying the aggregated beacons at specific locations (e.g.,individual cities and towns) in real time, the user interface allows auser to display a statistical result of a given performance metricexperienced by real users of a website over an entire country or largegeographic region (e.g., Southwest USA). For example, the entire area(or boundary) of a country or region on the globe may be shaded orhighlighted in a color representative of the mean aggregated value for aparticular metric (e.g., web page load time) or timer. In this way, theglobe may appear with individual countries, states, or regions mapped indifferent colors according to the mean value (or other statisticalcomputation) of the performance metric or timer experienced by realusers (in real-time) across those countries or regions.

By way of example, in one embodiment the entire area covering the 48contiguous states of the United States of America (or just the border orboundary) may be shaded or colored green to reflect the fact that themean load time (or other metric or timer) currently being experienced byreal users in the USA is low (i.e., fast performance). At the same time,Australia may be colored or shaded red, reflective of a high mean loadtime (i.e., slow performance). In another embodiment, the user interfaceallows a business customer to switch between different performancemetrics or timers with a click of a button or other input command. Forinstance, the color mapping of individual countries may be immediatelyswitched from visually displaying mean load time to displaying mean timespent on the website, or mean number of items in user's shopping cart.

In other embodiments, the user interface provides the ability for abusiness customer or website owner to show their own data on the globe,via Keyhole Markup Language (KML) layers (e.g. points and areas).Persons of skill understand that KML is an XML notation for expressinggeographic annotation and visualization within Internet-based,two-dimensional maps and three-dimensional Earth browsers. A KML filespecifies a set of features (place marks, images, polygons, 3D models,textual descriptions, etc.) for display in Google Earth, Maps andMobile, or any other geospatial software implementing the KML encoding.Each place has a longitude and latitude. Other data can make the viewmore specific, such as tilt, heading, altitude, which together define a“camera view” along with a timestamp or timespan. In one embodiment,business customers and website owners may display any one of a varietyof timers (e.g., different page load timers or a custom timer). In stillother embodiments, the user interface also allows a customer to showcustom metrics (e.g., website sales revenue, conversions, etc.) directlyon the 3D image of the globe.

In one embodiment, 3D graphics animation of the planet for generatingwindow 160 is obtained in the form of a set of visual tiles availablefrom NASA (http://eyes.nasa.gov/earth/launch2.html) which shows currentcamera views of the planet taken from geosynchronous satellitespositioned in orbit around the globe. In one embodiment, WebGL (aJavaScript API) may be utilized to provide the interactive 3D graphics,straight into the browser, as shown in FIG. 16. Thus, the embodimentshown in FIG. 16 provides 3D graphics animation technology with actual(i.e., photorealistic) visualizations of the globe, as applied tobusiness intelligence (BI) enterprise software.

It should be understood that elements of the disclosed subject mattermay also be provided as a computer program product which may include amachine-readable medium having stored thereon instructions which may beused to program a computer (e.g., a processor or other electronicdevice) to perform a sequence of operations. Alternatively, theoperations may be performed by a combination of hardware, firmware, andsoftware. The machine-readable medium may include, but is not limitedto, floppy diskettes, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magneto-optical disks,ROMs, RAMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnet or optical cards, or other type ofmachine-readable medium suitable for storing electronic instructions.

Additionally, although the present invention has been described inconjunction with specific embodiments, numerous modifications andalterations are well within the scope of the present invention.Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in anillustrative rather than a restrictive sense.

We claim:
 1. A computer-implemented method comprising: receiving, in aplurality of first servers, beacons from a plurality of users, the usersbeing distributed among a plurality of geographic locations, each beaconcomprising one or more data items which includes a performance metricrepresentative of an experience of a user on a website, web application,or mobile app, each beacon being generated in real-time from a usersession on the website, web application or mobile app, the first serversreceiving beacons, the method; transmitting the one or more data itemsof each of the one or more beacons to one or more second servers over anetwork; aggregating in real-time, in one or more second servers, theone or more data items received from each of the first servers on a pergeographic location basis: computing in real-time, a statistical resultof the performance metric for a total number of users at each of thegeographic locations, the statistical result being based on theaggregated one or more data items; providing a graphical view of theglobe as viewed from outer space on a graphical user interface (GUI)with a plurality of visualizations, each visualization corresponding toa distinct one of the geographical locations, wherein each visualizationgraphically depicts the statistical result of the performance metric atthe distinct one of the geographical locations.
 2. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1 wherein each visualizationfurther graphically depicts a representation of the total number ofusers at the distinct one of the geographical locations.
 3. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1 wherein each visualization has asize that corresponds to the total number of users at the distinct oneof the geographical locations.
 4. The computer-implemented method ofclaim 1 wherein the geographical locations include one or morecountries.
 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 wherein eachvisualization has one of a plurality of colors, each color correspondingto a distinct range of the statistical result.
 6. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1 wherein each visualization has acircular shape.
 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 whereinthe visualizations change dynamically in real-time in response tochanges in the number of users.
 8. The computer-implemented method ofclaim 1 wherein new visualizations appear on the graphical view of theglobe in real-time as beacons from new users are received by one or moreof the first servers.
 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 8wherein at least one of the new users is located at a new geographiclocation.
 10. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 wherein thevisualizations periodically refresh.
 11. The computer-implemented methodof claim 1 wherein the GUI allows a user of the GUI to change thegraphical view so as to display any geographic region of the globe. 12.The computer-implemented method of claim 1 wherein the GUI allows a userof the GUI to selectively expand the graphical view of the globe. 13.The computer-implemented method of claim 1 wherein the performancemetric comprises a load time of the website, web application, or mobileapp.
 14. A computer-implemented method comprising: providing a graphicaluser interface (GUI) that displays a view of the globe, the viewincluding a geographic distribution of beacons having one or more visualattributes, each beacon corresponding to one or more real users who areaccessing a website, web application or mobile app from a geographiclocation, the visual attributes including an indicator of a performancemetric representative of an experience of the one or more real users ofthe website, web application, or mobile app, each beacon being generatedin real-time from aggregated data obtained in real-time from one or morecorresponding real user sessions on the website, web application ormobile app; periodically refreshing the beacons, with the visualattributes changing in response to measured changes in the geographicdistribution, a total number of real users at the geographic location,or the performance indicator at the geographic location.
 15. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 14 wherein the view is a 3Danimated view as from outer space.
 16. The computer-implemented methodof claim 14 wherein the view is a flat 2D view of at least a portion ofthe globe.
 17. The method of claim 14 wherein the performance indicatorcomprises a web page load time.
 18. The computer-implemented method ofclaim 14 wherein the indicator is a color.
 19. The computer-implementedmethod of claim 14 wherein each of the beacons comprises acircular-shaped dot, the visual attributes including a size of thecircular-shaped dot, the size representing a total number of real usersat the geographic location.
 20. The computer-implemented method of claim14 further comprising providing a user of the GUI with an ability tochange the graphical view so as to display any geographic region of theglobe responsive to user control input.
 21. The computer-implementedmethod of claim 14 further comprising providing a user of the GUI withan ability to selectively expand the graphical view of the globeresponsive to user control input.
 22. The computer-implemented method ofclaim 1 wherein the view of the globe as from outer space reflectsactual day/night and cloud pattern conditions obtained from orbitingsatellites.
 23. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 wherein thegeographical location comprises a state or country, and the one or morevisual attributes comprises a color that extends over or around thestate or country.